Relative (fractional) error (δ = absolute error divided by reference magnitude (mean)

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δ = absolute error divided by reference magnitude (mean or true).

What each symbol means

SymbolWhat it stands for
δRelative error (dimensionless)
ΔxAbsolute error
x_refMean or true value used in problem

When to use this

x_ref must be non-zero; same reference must be used consistently in multi-step problems.