SHM Displacement Equation (x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ))
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x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ)
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| A | Amplitude — maximum displacement from mean position (m) |
| t | Time (s) |
| φ | Phase constant or initial phase angle (rad) |
| ω | Angular frequency (rad/s) |
| x(t) | Displacement from mean position at time t (m) |
When to use this
Defines SHM. Particle oscillates between +A and –A about equilibrium. Phase (ωt + φ) determines instantaneous position. Equally valid with sin: x = A sin(ωt + φ') with φ' = φ – π/2. NCERT Eq. 13.4.