Malus' law (I = I0 cos²θ)
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I = I0 cos²θ
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| I | Transmitted intensity after polariser/analyser (W/m²) |
| I_0 | Incident polarised intensity on analyser (W/m²) |
| \theta | Angle between transmission axes (rad or deg consistent) |
When to use this
Standard JEE / NCERT assumptions unless stated (paraxial, thin lens, coherent YDSE sources, etc.).