Gauss law (integral form) (Flux through closed surface = Q_enc/ε₀)
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Flux through closed surface = Q_enc/ε₀
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| d\vec{A} | Outward area element |
| Q_{\mathrm{enc}} | Net charge enclosed |
When to use this
Any closed surface; E is total field (all charges), but only enclosed Q contributes to net flux.