Mass-Action Law (Semiconductor Equilibrium) (n p = n_i²)
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n p = n_i²
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| n | Electron concentration in conduction band (m⁻³) |
| p | Hole concentration in valence band (m⁻³) |
| n_i | Intrinsic carrier concentration at that temperature (m⁻³) |
When to use this
Thermal equilibrium, non-degenerate doping (Fermi level not inside band). Holds in neutral bulk away from junction transients.