Displacement current (Ampère–Maxwell) (I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt)
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I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| I_d | Displacement current through a surface (A) |
| Φ_E | Electric flux through that surface (N·m²/C) |
| ε₀ | Permittivity of free space |
When to use this
Defined so total current (conduction + displacement) is continuous; essential in capacitor charging and EM wave propagation.