Magnetic Flux Through a Flat Loop (Φ = BA cos θ)

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Φ = BA cos θ

What each symbol means

SymbolWhat it stands for
AArea vector magnitude (m²); direction = normal to plane (right-hand rule)
BMagnetic field magnitude (T), uniform over the loop
θAngle between B and the normal to the plane

When to use this

Uniform B over the loop; flat coil. Flux is maximum when B is along the normal (θ=0).