Terminal Voltage & Internal Resistance (V = E − Ir (discharging cell, current out of + terminal))
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V = E − Ir (discharging cell, current out of + terminal)
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| E | EMF (V) |
| I | Current through cell (A) |
| V | Terminal voltage (V) |
| r | Internal resistance (Ω) |
When to use this
Single source approx; steady DC; I positive when cell supplies energy to external circuit.