Vandermonde’s identity (convolution of binomials) (C(m+n,r) equals sum over k of C(m,k)C(n,r−k): choose k from first group)

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C(m+n,r) equals sum over k of C(m,k)C(n,r−k) — choose k from first group and r−k from second

What each symbol means

SymbolWhat it stands for
kSplit between pools
mSize of first pool
nSize of second pool
rTotal items to choose

When to use this

Non-negative integers; define C(a,b)=0 if b<0 or b>a so the sum naturally truncates.