Polarizing power (charge density proxy) (Polarizing power increases with higher effective nuclear charge and smaller ionic radius)

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Polarizing power increases with higher effective nuclear charge and smaller ionic radius (φ ∝ Z_eff / r²).

What each symbol means

SymbolWhat it stands for
rIonic radius
φPolarizing power of cation (qualitative scale in JEE)
Z_effEffective nuclear charge felt by valence electrons

When to use this

Used to rationalize diagonal relationship (Li⁺ ≈ Mg²⁺, Be²⁺ ≈ Al³⁺ in polarizing ability), covalent character in salts, and thermal stability trends of carbonates.