General outer electronic configuration of transition metals ((n-1)d^1-10 ns^1-2 with Cr/Cu-type exceptions)
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(n-1)d^1-10 ns^1-2 with Cr/Cu-type exceptions
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| n | Valence shell principal quantum number |
| ns | s electrons in outer shell (often 1–2) |
| (n-1)d | d subshell being filled across the series |
When to use this
3d series: fill 3d after occupying 4s; Cr and Cu show promoted configurations for half-filled/filled d stability.