Inductive Effect (I) (-I withdraws electron density through σ; +I donates)
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-I withdraws electron density through σ; +I donates
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| +I | Alkyl groups (3°>2°>1°>methyl trend for hyperconjugation coupling) |
| −I | NO₂, CN, halogens (F>Cl>Br>I), C=O groups |
When to use this
Through-bond polarization; falls off with distance; no π bond required.